PERAWATAN KEHAMILAN DALAM BUDAYA SUKU TETUN
Keywords:
culture, pregnancy care, tetunese
Abstract
Cultural malpractices during pregnancy are the root cause of maternal and child health problems in rural areas. This study aims to explore the practices of traditional pregnancy care in Tetun tribe. This was a qualitative study with phenomenology approach conducted at Silawan village, Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia on January-February, 2019. Informants in this study were 5 pregnant women dan 5 family members, selected by purposive sampling. This study reveals that Pregnant women in Silawan still perform traditional pregnancy care by conducting abdominal massage by traditional birth attendant, using coconut oil and holy water. Pregnant women are suggested to avoid some foods such as egg, octopus, shrimp, fish and rice crust. Traditional pregnancy care still done by pregnant women. Prevention needs to be done by improving health promotion and integrating cultural beliefs and professional health care.
References
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Adokiye, E. A., Isioma, A. J., & Levi, W. O. (2016). Influence of Culturally-based Abdominal Massage and Antenatal Care Uptake among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Nigeria. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 18(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2016/27109
Agus, Y., & Horiuchi, S. (2012). Factors influencing the use of antenatal care in rural West Sumatra, Indonesia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-9
Agus, Y., Horiuchi, S., & Iida, M. (2018). Women’s choice of maternal healthcare in Parung, West Java, Indonesia: Midwife versus traditional birth attendant. Women and Birth, 31(6), 513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.01.007
Agus, Y., Horiuchi, S., & Porter, S. E. (2012). Rural Indonesia women’s traditional beliefs about antenatal care. BMC Research Notes, 5(589), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-589
Amakiri, C. N., & Akani, C. (2004). Traumatic Injuries in the Newborn from Abdominal Massage in Pregnancy. Nigerian Journal of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2(2), 137–139. https://doi.org/10.4314/njotra.v2i2.29218
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2015). Profil Penduduk Indonesia Hasil SUPAS 2015. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Choguya, N. Z. (2014). Traditional Birth Attendants and Policy Ambivalence in Zimbabwe. Journal of Anthropology, 2014, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/750240
Choudhury, N., Moran, A. C., Alam, M. A., Ahsan, K. Z., Rashid, S. F., & Streatfield, P. K. (2012). Beliefs and practices during pregnancy and childbirth in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 12(791), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-791
de Graaf, J. P., Steegers, E. A. P., & Bonsel, G. J. (2013). Inequalities in perinatal and maternal health. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 25(2), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0b013e32835ec9b0
Devy, S. R., Haryanto, S., Hakimi, M., Prabandari, Y. S., & Mardikanto, T. (2007). Perawatan Kehamilan dalam Perspektif Budaya Madura di Desa Tambak dan Desa Rapalaok Kecamatan Omben Kabupaten Sampang.
Diana, R., Rachmayanti, R. D., Anwar, F., Khomsan, A., Christianti, D. F., & Kusuma, R. (2018). Food taboos and suggestions among Madurese pregnant women: a qualitative study. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 5(4), 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2018.10.006
Ekine, A., Udoye, P., & West, O. (2015). Determinants and Factors influencing the prevalence of uterine rupture in a tertiary rural hospital in the Niger Delta: A 5 years retrospective study in NDUTH, Okolobiri. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 4(2), 97–101. www.thepharmajournal.com
Ekwochi, U., Osuorah, C. D. I., Ndu, I. K., Ifediora, C., Asinobi, I. N., & Eke, C. B. (2016). Food taboos and myths in South Eastern Nigeria: The belief and practice of mothers in the region. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(7), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0079-x
Fenny, & Desriva, N. (2020). Efektivitas Pemberian Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) terhadap Pencegahan Striae Gravidarum pada Kehamilan di RS PMC. Al-Insyirah Midwifery: Jurnal Ilmu Kebidanan (Journal of Midwifery Sciences), 9(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.35328/kebidanan.v9i1.545
Field, T. (2010). Pregnancy and labor massage (Vol. 5, Issue 2).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2016). FAO/INFOODS global food composition database for fish and shellfish, version 1.0-uFiSh1.0.
Gane, B., Bhat B, V., Rao, R., Nandakumar, S., Adhisivam, B., Joy, R., Prasad, P., & Shruti, S. (2013). Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for perinatal asphyxia: A case control study. Current Pediatric Research, 17(2), 119–122.
Hibbeln, C. J. R., Spiller, P., Brenna, J. T., Golding, J., Holub, B. J., Harris, W. S., Kris-Etherton, P., Lands, B., Connor, S. L., Myers, G., Strain, J. J., Crawford, M. A., & Carlson, S. E. (2019). Relationships between seafood consumption during pregnancy and childhood and neurocognitive development: Two systematic reviews. In Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (Vol. 151, pp. 14–36). Churchill Livingstone. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2019.10.002
Igberase, G. (2012). Maternal and Foetal Deaths from Ruptured Spleen Following Abdominal Massage by Traditional Birth Attendants in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(1), 34–36.
Ipa, M., Prasetyo, D. A., & Kasnodihardjo. (2016). Praktik Budaya Perawatan Dalam Kehamilan Persalinan Dan Nifas Pada Etnik Baduy Dalam. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi, 7(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.22435/kespro.v7i1.5097.25-36
Jansen, I. (2006). Decision making in childbirth: The influence of traditional structures in a Ghanaian village. International Nursing Review, 53(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2006.00448.x
Kemenkes RI. (2016). Keperawatan Maternitas (A. Karjatin (ed.)). Kemenkes RI.
Kemenkes RI. (2018a). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018.
Kemenkes RI. (2018b). Rencana Strategis Kementrian Kesehatan Tahun 2015-2019 Revisi 1 - th. 2017. In Kementerian Kesehatan RI. http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/LAKIP ROREN/ALL_renstra__ed__april__b5__.pdf
Lamxay, V., de Boer, H. J., & Björk, L. (2011). Traditions and plant use during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum recovery by the Kry ethnic group in Lao PDR. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7(14), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-14
Lee, D. T. S., Ngai, I. S. L., Ng, M. M. T., Lok, I. H., Yip, A. S. K., & Chung, T. K. H. (2009). Antenatal taboos among Chinese women in Hong Kong. Midwifery, 25(2), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.01.008
Maimbolwa, M. C., Yamba, B., Diwan, V., & Ransjö-Arvidson, A. B. (2003). Cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(3), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02709.x
Mathole, T., Lindmark, G., Majoko, F., & Ahlberg, B. M. (2004). A qualitative study of women’s perspectives of antenatal care in a rural area of Zimbabwe. Midwifery, 20(2), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2003.10.003
Meo, M. L. N., & Nahak, M. P. M. (2020). Problem Kesehatan Reproduksi Perempuan Usia Subur Eks Pengungsi Timor Timur. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi, 7(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkr.47128
Ministry of Health Manatu Hauora. (2006). Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women A background paper. Ministry of Health.
Mothiba, T. M., -Maselesele, M. D., & Lebese, R. T. (2015). Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge and Practices during Pregnancy, Labour and Delivery in Selected Villages of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Ecology, 51(1–2), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2015.11906897
Myer, L., & Harrison, A. (2003). Why do womn seek antenatal care late? Perspectives from rural South Africa. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 48(4), 268–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1526-9523(02)00421-X
Nahak, M. P. M., Meo, M. L. N., & Simon, M. G. (2020). Contraceptive Use in East Timorese Ex-Refugee Women in Indonesia : Determinants and Barriers. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 05(04), 365–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.- 26911/thejmch.2020.05.04.03
Ngomane, S., & Mulaudzi, F. M. (2012). Indigenous beliefs and practices that influence the delayed attendance of antenatal clinics by women in the Bohlabelo district in Limpopo, South Africa. Midwifery, 28(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2010.11.002
Oladapo, O. T., & Osiberu, M. O. (2009). Do Sociodemographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women Determine Their Perception of Antenatal Care Quality? Maternal and Child Health Journal, 13(4), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0389-2
Origlia, P., Jevitt, C., Sayn-Wittgenstein, F. zu, & Cignacco, E. (2017). Experiences of Antenatal Care Among Women Who Are Socioeconomically Deprived in High-Income Industrialized Countries: An Integrative Review. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 00(0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12627
Oshonwoh, F. E., Nwakwuo, G. C., & Ekiyor, C. P. (2014). Traditional birth attendants and womens health practices: A case study of Patani in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 6(8), 252–261. https://doi.org/10.5897/jphe2013.0634
Otoo, P., Habib, H., & Ankomah, A. (2015). Food Prohibitions and Other Traditional Practices in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study in Western Region of Ghana. Advances in Reproductive Sciences, 03(03), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.4236/arsci.2015.33005
Panuntun, S., Karsidi, R., Murti, B., & Akhyar, M. (2019). The Role of Midwives and Traditional Birth Attendant Partnership Program in Empowering Traditional Birth Attendant to Improve Maternal Health in Klaten, Central Java. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 4(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.07
Prester, L. (2015). Seafood Allergy, Toxicity, and Intolerance: A Review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 0(0), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1014120
Smith, A., Burger, R., & Black, V. (2019). Demand-Side Causes and Covariates of Late Antenatal Care Access in Cape Town, South Africa. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23(4), 512–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2663-2
Tola, T. N., & Tadesse, A. H. (2015). Cultural Malpractices During Pregnancy, Child Birth and Postnatal Period Among Women of Child Bearing Age in Limmu Genet Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 752–756. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.32
Withers, M., Kharazmi, N., & Lim, E. (2018). Traditional beliefs and practices in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum: A review of the evidence from Asian countries. Midwifery, 56(2018), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.10.019
World Health Organization. (2016). WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. WHO.
World Health Organization. (2019). Maternal mortality Evidence brief Progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Ye, Y., Yoshida, Y., Harun-Or-Rashid, M., & Sakamoto, J. (2010). Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care services among women in Kham District, Xieng Khouang Province, Lao PDR. Nagoya J Med Sci, 72, 23–33.
Adatara, P., Afaya, A., Baku, E. A., Salia, S. M., & Asempah, A. (2018). Perspective of Traditional Birth Attendants on Their Experiences and Roles in Maternal Health Care in Rural Areas of Northern Ghana. International Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 2018, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2165627
Adnyana, K. S., Suwendi, M., & Dewi, D. N. Y. (n.d.). Dominasi Laki-laki pada Masyarakat Matrilineal Suku Tetun , Kabupaten Malaka , Nusa Tenggara Timur Berdasar pada Penggunaan Bahasa. Seminar Nasional V Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 40–51.
Adokiye, E. A., Isioma, A. J., & Levi, W. O. (2016). Influence of Culturally-based Abdominal Massage and Antenatal Care Uptake among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Nigeria. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 18(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2016/27109
Agus, Y., & Horiuchi, S. (2012). Factors influencing the use of antenatal care in rural West Sumatra, Indonesia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-9
Agus, Y., Horiuchi, S., & Iida, M. (2018). Women’s choice of maternal healthcare in Parung, West Java, Indonesia: Midwife versus traditional birth attendant. Women and Birth, 31(6), 513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.01.007
Agus, Y., Horiuchi, S., & Porter, S. E. (2012). Rural Indonesia women’s traditional beliefs about antenatal care. BMC Research Notes, 5(589), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-589
Amakiri, C. N., & Akani, C. (2004). Traumatic Injuries in the Newborn from Abdominal Massage in Pregnancy. Nigerian Journal of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2(2), 137–139. https://doi.org/10.4314/njotra.v2i2.29218
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2015). Profil Penduduk Indonesia Hasil SUPAS 2015. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Choguya, N. Z. (2014). Traditional Birth Attendants and Policy Ambivalence in Zimbabwe. Journal of Anthropology, 2014, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/750240
Choudhury, N., Moran, A. C., Alam, M. A., Ahsan, K. Z., Rashid, S. F., & Streatfield, P. K. (2012). Beliefs and practices during pregnancy and childbirth in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 12(791), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-791
de Graaf, J. P., Steegers, E. A. P., & Bonsel, G. J. (2013). Inequalities in perinatal and maternal health. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 25(2), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0b013e32835ec9b0
Devy, S. R., Haryanto, S., Hakimi, M., Prabandari, Y. S., & Mardikanto, T. (2007). Perawatan Kehamilan dalam Perspektif Budaya Madura di Desa Tambak dan Desa Rapalaok Kecamatan Omben Kabupaten Sampang.
Diana, R., Rachmayanti, R. D., Anwar, F., Khomsan, A., Christianti, D. F., & Kusuma, R. (2018). Food taboos and suggestions among Madurese pregnant women: a qualitative study. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 5(4), 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2018.10.006
Ekine, A., Udoye, P., & West, O. (2015). Determinants and Factors influencing the prevalence of uterine rupture in a tertiary rural hospital in the Niger Delta: A 5 years retrospective study in NDUTH, Okolobiri. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 4(2), 97–101. www.thepharmajournal.com
Ekwochi, U., Osuorah, C. D. I., Ndu, I. K., Ifediora, C., Asinobi, I. N., & Eke, C. B. (2016). Food taboos and myths in South Eastern Nigeria: The belief and practice of mothers in the region. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(7), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0079-x
Fenny, & Desriva, N. (2020). Efektivitas Pemberian Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) terhadap Pencegahan Striae Gravidarum pada Kehamilan di RS PMC. Al-Insyirah Midwifery: Jurnal Ilmu Kebidanan (Journal of Midwifery Sciences), 9(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.35328/kebidanan.v9i1.545
Field, T. (2010). Pregnancy and labor massage (Vol. 5, Issue 2).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2016). FAO/INFOODS global food composition database for fish and shellfish, version 1.0-uFiSh1.0.
Gane, B., Bhat B, V., Rao, R., Nandakumar, S., Adhisivam, B., Joy, R., Prasad, P., & Shruti, S. (2013). Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for perinatal asphyxia: A case control study. Current Pediatric Research, 17(2), 119–122.
Hibbeln, C. J. R., Spiller, P., Brenna, J. T., Golding, J., Holub, B. J., Harris, W. S., Kris-Etherton, P., Lands, B., Connor, S. L., Myers, G., Strain, J. J., Crawford, M. A., & Carlson, S. E. (2019). Relationships between seafood consumption during pregnancy and childhood and neurocognitive development: Two systematic reviews. In Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (Vol. 151, pp. 14–36). Churchill Livingstone. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2019.10.002
Igberase, G. (2012). Maternal and Foetal Deaths from Ruptured Spleen Following Abdominal Massage by Traditional Birth Attendants in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(1), 34–36.
Ipa, M., Prasetyo, D. A., & Kasnodihardjo. (2016). Praktik Budaya Perawatan Dalam Kehamilan Persalinan Dan Nifas Pada Etnik Baduy Dalam. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi, 7(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.22435/kespro.v7i1.5097.25-36
Jansen, I. (2006). Decision making in childbirth: The influence of traditional structures in a Ghanaian village. International Nursing Review, 53(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2006.00448.x
Kemenkes RI. (2016). Keperawatan Maternitas (A. Karjatin (ed.)). Kemenkes RI.
Kemenkes RI. (2018a). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018.
Kemenkes RI. (2018b). Rencana Strategis Kementrian Kesehatan Tahun 2015-2019 Revisi 1 - th. 2017. In Kementerian Kesehatan RI. http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/LAKIP ROREN/ALL_renstra__ed__april__b5__.pdf
Lamxay, V., de Boer, H. J., & Björk, L. (2011). Traditions and plant use during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum recovery by the Kry ethnic group in Lao PDR. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7(14), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-14
Lee, D. T. S., Ngai, I. S. L., Ng, M. M. T., Lok, I. H., Yip, A. S. K., & Chung, T. K. H. (2009). Antenatal taboos among Chinese women in Hong Kong. Midwifery, 25(2), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.01.008
Maimbolwa, M. C., Yamba, B., Diwan, V., & Ransjö-Arvidson, A. B. (2003). Cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(3), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02709.x
Mathole, T., Lindmark, G., Majoko, F., & Ahlberg, B. M. (2004). A qualitative study of women’s perspectives of antenatal care in a rural area of Zimbabwe. Midwifery, 20(2), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2003.10.003
Meo, M. L. N., & Nahak, M. P. M. (2020). Problem Kesehatan Reproduksi Perempuan Usia Subur Eks Pengungsi Timor Timur. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi, 7(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkr.47128
Ministry of Health Manatu Hauora. (2006). Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women A background paper. Ministry of Health.
Mothiba, T. M., -Maselesele, M. D., & Lebese, R. T. (2015). Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge and Practices during Pregnancy, Labour and Delivery in Selected Villages of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Ecology, 51(1–2), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2015.11906897
Myer, L., & Harrison, A. (2003). Why do womn seek antenatal care late? Perspectives from rural South Africa. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 48(4), 268–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1526-9523(02)00421-X
Nahak, M. P. M., Meo, M. L. N., & Simon, M. G. (2020). Contraceptive Use in East Timorese Ex-Refugee Women in Indonesia : Determinants and Barriers. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 05(04), 365–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.- 26911/thejmch.2020.05.04.03
Ngomane, S., & Mulaudzi, F. M. (2012). Indigenous beliefs and practices that influence the delayed attendance of antenatal clinics by women in the Bohlabelo district in Limpopo, South Africa. Midwifery, 28(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2010.11.002
Oladapo, O. T., & Osiberu, M. O. (2009). Do Sociodemographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women Determine Their Perception of Antenatal Care Quality? Maternal and Child Health Journal, 13(4), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0389-2
Origlia, P., Jevitt, C., Sayn-Wittgenstein, F. zu, & Cignacco, E. (2017). Experiences of Antenatal Care Among Women Who Are Socioeconomically Deprived in High-Income Industrialized Countries: An Integrative Review. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 00(0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12627
Oshonwoh, F. E., Nwakwuo, G. C., & Ekiyor, C. P. (2014). Traditional birth attendants and womens health practices: A case study of Patani in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 6(8), 252–261. https://doi.org/10.5897/jphe2013.0634
Otoo, P., Habib, H., & Ankomah, A. (2015). Food Prohibitions and Other Traditional Practices in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study in Western Region of Ghana. Advances in Reproductive Sciences, 03(03), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.4236/arsci.2015.33005
Panuntun, S., Karsidi, R., Murti, B., & Akhyar, M. (2019). The Role of Midwives and Traditional Birth Attendant Partnership Program in Empowering Traditional Birth Attendant to Improve Maternal Health in Klaten, Central Java. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 4(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.07
Prester, L. (2015). Seafood Allergy, Toxicity, and Intolerance: A Review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 0(0), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1014120
Smith, A., Burger, R., & Black, V. (2019). Demand-Side Causes and Covariates of Late Antenatal Care Access in Cape Town, South Africa. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23(4), 512–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2663-2
Tola, T. N., & Tadesse, A. H. (2015). Cultural Malpractices During Pregnancy, Child Birth and Postnatal Period Among Women of Child Bearing Age in Limmu Genet Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 752–756. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.32
Withers, M., Kharazmi, N., & Lim, E. (2018). Traditional beliefs and practices in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum: A review of the evidence from Asian countries. Midwifery, 56(2018), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.10.019
World Health Organization. (2016). WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. WHO.
World Health Organization. (2019). Maternal mortality Evidence brief Progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Ye, Y., Yoshida, Y., Harun-Or-Rashid, M., & Sakamoto, J. (2010). Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care services among women in Kham District, Xieng Khouang Province, Lao PDR. Nagoya J Med Sci, 72, 23–33.
